Selection acting on unobserved heterogeneity is a fundamental issue in the mathematics of
populations. As recognised in disciplines as diverse as demography [,,], ecology [,] …

An increasing number of empirical studies aim to quantify individual variation in
demographic parameters because these patterns are key for evolutionary and ecological …

Among‐individual variation in vital rates, such as mortality and birth rates, exists in nearly all
populations. Recent studies suggest that this individual heterogeneity produces substantial …

Variation within biological species has long been described by grouping individuals into
'populations'. However, it is not clear to what degree populations are real biological entities …

The frequency of genes in interconnected populations and of species in interconnected
communities are affected by similar processes, such as birth, death and immigration. The …

Our focus here is on the infinitesimal model. In this model, one or several quantitative traits
are described as the sum of a genetic and a non-genetic component, the first being …

Our focus here is on the infinitesimal model. In this model, one or several quantitative traits
are described as the sum of a genetic and a non-genetic component, the first being …

Mathematical models are used more and more frequently in Life Sciences. Those models
may be deterministic, or stochastic. We present some classical models for population …

Mendel (1866) suggested that if many heritable “factors” contribute to a trait, near-
continuous variation could result. Fisher (1918) clarified the connection between Mendelian …

Mathematical models play a fundamental role in theoretical population genetics and, in turn,
population genetics provides a wealth of mathematical challenges. Here we illustrate this by …