For the past 50 years, cognitive scientists have assumed that training attention and self-
control must be effortful. However, growing evidence suggests promising effects of effortless …

The concept of effort is familiar in daily life. It involves the subjective experience of strain in
connection with striving for a goal. Effort has also been given a technical definition within …

The ability to attend and to exercise cognitive control are vital aspects of human adaptability.
Several studies indicate that attention training using computer based exercises can lead to …

This is the first book to explore the cognitive science of effortless attention and action.
Attention and action are generally understood to require effort, and the expectation is that …

Skilled movement entails learned motor patterns that are produced with a high degree of
accuracy, consistency, and efficiency. The classic definition of skill by Guthrie (1952) …

The self-invoking trigger hypothesis was proposed by Wulf and Lewthwaite [Wulf, G., &
Lewthwaite, R.(2010). Effortless motor learning? An external focus of attention enhances …

Research suggests that implicit strategies adopted during learning help prevent breakdown
of automatic processes and subsequent performance decrements associated with the …

In this Introduction, I identify seven discrete aspects of attention brought to the fore by by
considering the phenomenon of effortless attention: effort, decision-making, action syntax …

Flexible learning of changing reward contingencies can be realized with different strategies.
A fast learning strategy involves using working memory of recently rewarded objects to …

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate if focusing attention externally produced
faster movement times compared to instructions that focused attention internally or a control …