An important adaptive problem for mammals in general, and primates in particular, is how
females can manage the high costs of reproduction in the face of fluctuating energetic …

Mammalian females generally carry the bulk of reproductive costs. They gestate for relatively
long periods of time and provide the majority of parental care for dependent offspring. For …

In sexually promiscuous mammals, female reproductive effort is mainly expressed through
gestation, lactation, and maternal care, whereas male reproductive effort is mainly …

Sexual conflict develops when the optimal reproductive strategy for one sex inflicts fitness
costs upon the other sex. Among species with intense within-group feeding competition and …

Fecal and urine samples were collected from 81 female East African chimpanzees (Pan
troglodytes schweinfurthii) in three major study populations in Gombe National Park …

Female chimpanzees exhibit exceptionally slow rates of reproduction and raise their
offspring without direct paternal care. Therefore, their reproductive success depends …

Human female reproductive function is highly sensitive to current energetic condition,
indicating adaptation to modulate reproductive effort in accordance with changing ecological …

We investigated intra-and interspecific differences in life history and reproductive
parameters in bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We compare …

Stress hormone measurements can reinforce and refine hypotheses about the costs of
particular contexts or behaviors in wild animals. For social species, this is complicated …

Life history theory predicts a trade-off between offspring quality and quantity. Among large-
bodied mammals, prolonged lactation and infant dependence suggest particularly strong …