Export of macromolecules via extracellular membrane-derived vesicles (MVs) plays an
important role in the biology of Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have also …

Extracellular vesicles are produced by many pathogenic microorganisms and have varied
functions that include secretion and release of microbial factors, which contribute to …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived lipid bilayers secreted by bacteria and
eukaryotic cells. Bacterial membrane vesicles were discovered over 60 years ago and have …

Although archaea, Gram‐negative bacteria, and mammalian cells constitutively secrete
membrane vesicles (MVs) as a mechanism for cell‐free intercellular communication, this …

All Gram-negative bacteria studied to date have been shown to produce outer membrane
vesicles (OMVs), which are budded, released spheres of outer membrane with periplasmic …

Extracellular vesicles are membranous structures shed by almost every living cell. Bacterial
gram-negative outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and gram-positive membrane vesicles …

Extracellular secretion of products is the major mechanism by which Gram-negative
pathogens communicate with and intoxicate host cells. Vesicles released from the envelope …

Outer membrane (OM) vesicles are ubiquitously produced by Gram-negative bacteria during
all stages of bacterial growth. OM vesicles are naturally secreted by both pathogenic and …

Gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles that play a role in the delivery of
virulence factors to host cells. However, little is known about the membrane-derived vesicles …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria,
EVs are produced by the pinching off of the outer membrane; however, how EVs escape the …