Our review focuses on findings from mammals as part of a Special Issue “30th Anniversary
of the Challenge Hypothesis”. Here we put forth an integration of the mechanisms through …

The functions of rapid increases in testosterone seem paradoxical because they can occur
in response to different social contexts, such as male–male aggressive encounters and male …

Social animals must cope with challenges and opportunities by adjusting how they react to a
salient stimulus. Here we use California mice (Peromyscus californicus) and investigate the …

Male mammals of many species exhibit reflexive testosterone release in mating situations. In
house mice (Mus musculus), the dramatic robustness of such release, occurring primarily in …

Changing social environments such as the birth of young or aggressive encounters present
a need to adjust behavior. Previous research examined how long-term changes in steroid …

Testosterone (T) can be released by stimuli such as social interactions, and thereby
influence future social behaviours. Because the reinforcing effects of T can induce …

Rapid testosterone fluctuations in response to social stimuli are observed across a wide
range of species, and the highly conserved nature of these fluctuations suggests an …

Research on male animals suggests that the hormone testosterone plays a central role in
mediating the trade-off between mating effort and parental effort. However, the direct links …

Despite extensive research revealing the occurrence of testosterone (T) pulses following
social encounters, it is unclear how they lead to varied behavioral responses. We …

There is a growing body of evidence that the rapid but transient increase in male androgens,
particularly testosterone (T), following a single social encounter such as a territorial intrusion …