The brain originates relatively early in development from differentiated ectoderm that forms a
hollow tube and takes on an exceedingly complex shape with development. The skull is …

Interactions among the forebrain, neural crest and facial ectoderm regulate development of
the upper jaw. To examine these interactions, we activated the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) …

'Our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound. Not in one case out of a hundred can we
pretend to assign any reason why this or that part has varied. But whenever we have the …

Morphogenesis of the brain and face is intrinsically linked by a number of factors. These
include: origins of tissues, adjacency allowing their physical interactions, and molecular …

Development of a head is a dazzlingly complex process: a number of distinct cellular
sources including cranial ecto-and endoderm, mesoderm and neural crest contribute to …

Craniofacial malformations are involved in three fourths of all congenital birth defects in
humans, affecting the development of head, face, or neck. Tremendous progress in the study …

Craniofacial development is a multistep and intricate process initially involving a number of
inductive interactions that control neural and neural crest development, which are followed …

Head development in vertebrates involves a complex series of molecular and
morphogenetic events that generate a coordinated pattern of cartilages, bones and nerves …

The effect of the brain on the morphology of the face has long been recognized in both
evolutionary biology and clinical medicine. In this work, we describe factors that are active …

From an architectural point of view, the forebrain acts as a framework upon which the middle
and upper face develops and grows. In addition to serving a structural role, we present …