Abstract CD4+ effector lymphocytes (Teff) are traditionally classified by the cytokines they
produce. To determine the states that Teff cells actually adopt in frontline tissues in vivo, we …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are effectors of innate immunity and regulators of tissue
modeling. Recently identified ILC populations have a cytokine expression pattern that …

Intestinal epithelial cells absorb nutrients, respond to microbes, function as a barrier and
help to coordinate immune responses. Here we report profiling of 53,193 individual …

The gut mucosa hosts large numbers of activated lymphocytes that are exposed to stimuli
from the diet, microbiota and pathogens. Although CD4+ T cells are crucial for defense …

Peripheral mechanisms preventing autoimmunity and maintaining tolerance to commensal
microbiota involve CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, generated in the thymus or …

Inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses to self or commensal bacteria underlie the
pathogenesis of autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), respectively. Although …

Microbial colonization of the mammalian intestine elicits inflammatory or tolerogenic T cell
responses, but the mechanisms controlling these distinct outcomes remain poorly …

Intestinal T cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3 cells) control the composition of
the microbiota and gut immune responses. Within the gut, ILC3 subsets coexist that either …

At mucosal surfaces, the immune system should not initiate inflammatory immune responses
to the plethora of antigens constantly present in the environment, but should remain poised …

Gastrointestinal microbiota and immune cells interact closely and display regional
specificity; however, little is known about how these communities differ with location. Here …