Mammalian macrophages can adopt polarization states that, depending on the exact stimuli
present in their extracellular environment, can lead to very different functions. Although …

Macrophages play important roles in conditions ranging from host immune defense to tissue
regeneration and polarize their functional phenotype accordingly. Next to differences in the …

While the mammalian macrophage phenotypes have been intensively studied in vitro, the
dynamic of their phenotypic polarization has never been investigated in live vertebrates. We …

Macrophages are key inflammatory immune cells that display dynamic phenotypes and
functions in response to their local microenvironment. Major advances have occurred in …

Cells from the myeloid lineage are pluripotent. To investigate the potential of myeloid cell
polarization in a primitive vertebrate species, we phenotypically and functionally …

Macrophages are phagocytic cells from the innate immune system, which forms the first line
of host defense against invading pathogens. These highly dynamic immune cells can adopt …

MicroRNA clusters are microRNAs (miRNAs) that are distributed in close proximity on
chromosomes. In this study, we report a miRNA cluster identified from grass carp …

In this review, we focus on four different activation states of fish macrophages. In vitro,
stimulation with microbial ligands induces the development of innate activated macrophages …

In this review, we support taking polarized immune responses in teleost fish from a
'macrophage first'point of view, a hypothesis that reverts the dichotomous T helper (TH) 1 …

Macrophage differentiation and function in disease states is highly regulated by the local
microenvironment. For example, macrophage exposure to IFN-g initiates the development of …