Immune responses to influenza (flu) antigens reflect memory of prior infections or
vaccinations, which might influence immunity to new flu antigens. Memory of past antigens …

Protection against pathogens is mediated by both humoral responses (neutralizing
antibodies) and cellular immunity, both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. In the case of influenza …

This chapter focuses on antibody‐mediated immunity to influenza virus, a highly effective
response that prevents and reduces initial virus spread, contributes to clearance of …

Immunity to influenza is unique among pathogens, in that immune memory is established
both via intermittent lung localized infections with highly variable influenza virus strains and …

Highlights•Early viral infections shape B cell response recalled against future viral
strains.•Competition between memory and naïve B cells occurs in secondary viral …

Influenza virus frequently mutates due to its error-prone polymerase. This feature contributes
to influenza virus's ability to evade pre-existing immunity, leading to annual epidemics and …

Persistent and durable immunological memory forms the basis of any successful vaccination
protocol. Generation of pre-existing memory B cell and T cell pools is thus the key for …

Highlights•Humoral immunity against influenza viruses relies on memory B cells due to
immunological imprinting.•Protection or susceptibility to influenza infection is heavily …

The emergence of a novel influenza A virus strain into humans poses a continuous public
health threat. Vaccination is the most effective means of protection against influenza. The …

Influenza-specific immunity in humans is unique because there are repeated exposures to
viral strains containing genetically conserved epitopes recruiting memory CD4 T cells and …