Neuromodulation underlies many behavioral states and has been extensively studied in
small circuits. This has allowed the systematic exploration of how neuromodulatory …

Recent work argues that similar network performance can result from highly variable sets of
network parameters, raising the question of whether neuromodulation can be reliable across …

All network dynamics emerge from the complex interaction between the intrinsic membrane
properties of network neurons and their synaptic connections. Nervous systems contain …

Neuromodulation of motor circuits by extrinsic inputs provides enormous flexibility in the
production of behavior. Recent work has shown that neurons intrinsic to central pattern …

All nervous systems are subject to neuromodulation. Neuromodulators can be delivered as
local hormones, as cotransmitters in projection neurons, and through the general circulation …

Decades of neurobiological research have disclosed the diverse manners in which the
response properties of neurons are dynamically modulated to support adaptive cognitive …

Feedback and closed-loop circuits exist in just about every part of the nervous system. It is
curious, therefore, that for decades neuroscientists have been probing the nervous system in …

Highlights•Analysis of small oscillatory circuits reveals variability in system
parameters.•Circuits with different parameter sets can be robust to moderate …

Simple Summary Over the past few decades, advances in electroencephalography (EEG)
recordings and brain stimulation has permitted an unprecedented view of how specific brain …

Computational modeling of neural substrates provides an excellent theoretical framework for
the understanding of the computational roles of neuromodulation. In this review, we …