Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the principal proinflammatory component of the Gram-negative
bacterial envelope and is recognized by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD-2 receptor …

Abstract The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key proteins that allow mammals—whether
immunologically naive or experienced—to detect microbes. They lie at the core of our …

Innate immunity provides a first line of host defence against infection through microbial
recognition and killing while simultaneously activating a definitive adaptive immune …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that recognize microbial
molecules and initiate host defense. To investigate how TLRs work together to fight …

Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor–
ligand complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD2–CD14 …

Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling by microbial signatures is critical to the
induction of immune responses. Such responses demand tight regulation. RP105 is a TLR …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecular patterns displayed by microorganisms, and
their subsequent activation leads to the transcription of appropriate host-defense genes …

TLR8 is an endosomal sensor of RNA degradation products in human phagocytes, and is
involved in the recognition of viral and bacterial pathogens. We previously showed that in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are phylogenetically conserved receptors that recognize pathogen
associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). We previously generated mice lacking TLR2 and …

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved
structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses …