The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Toll signaling pathway has an evolutionarily
conserved role in controlling immune responses. Whereas the microbial recognition …

The identification of the Drosophila melanogaster Toll pathway cascade and the subsequent
characterization of TLRs have reshaped our understanding of the immune system. Ever …

The innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial infections in both
insects and mammals. Systematic analysis of the innate immune response in the model …

The discovery of Toll in Drosophila and of the remarkable conservation in pathway
composition and organization catalyzed a transformation in our understanding of innate …

In both insects and mammals, members of the Toll receptor family play important roles in the
initial events leading to the activation of immunity genes. The prototypic Toll in Drosophila …

A few years ago, it would have been difficult to argue that elucidating the mechanisms of
disease resistance in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, would provide new insights into …

Invertebrates lack an adaptive immune system and rely on innate immunity to resist
pathogens. The response of Drosophila melanogaster to bacterial and fungal infections …

The inducible expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in Drosophila melanogaster is
regulated by the conserved Toll and peptidoglycan recognition protein LC/immune …

The Drosophila Toll pathway plays important roles in innate immune responses against
Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. To identify previously uncharacterized components of this …

The Toll signaling pathway, which is required for the establishment of the dorsal–ventral axis
in Drosophila embryos, plays an important role in the response of larval and adult …