The clinical response to classical immunosuppressant drugs (cIMDs) is highly variable
among individuals. We performed a systematic review of published evidence supporting the …

Immunomodulatory medications are a mainstay of treatment for autoimmune diseases and
malignancies. In addition to their direct effects on immune cells, these medications also …

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing-remitting disease. An
adverse immune reaction toward the intestinal microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology …

The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem that can mediate the interaction of the
human host with their environment. The interaction between gut microbes and commonly …

The human microbiome is associated with human health and disease. Exogenous
compounds, including pharmaceutical products, are also known to be affected by the …

As pharmacology and science progress, we discover new generations of medicines. This
relationship is a response to the increasing demand for medicaments and is powered by …

A mutualistic relationship between the composition, function and activity of the gut
microbiota (GM) and the host exists, and the alteration of GM, sometimes referred as …

Highlights•Microbial fingerprints can serve as biomarkers in determining responses to
drugs.•Drug metabolism by gut microbiome can alter efficacy and adverse effects of a …

Diseases affecting the immune system, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), juvenile
idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), are pathological …

Introduction The gut microbiota is composed of trillions of microbial cells and viruses that
interact with hosts. The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by several factors …