INTRODUCTION Chloroplasts are plant organelles responsible for the bulk of terrestrial
photosynthetic primary production. They evolved via endosymbiosis from a cyanobacterial …

Development of chloroplasts and other plastids depends on the import of thousands of
nucleus-encoded proteins from the cytosol. Import is initiated by TOC (translocon at the outer …

Photosynthesis is the energetic basis for most life on Earth, and in plants it operates inside
double membrane–bound organelles called chloroplasts. The photosynthetic apparatus …

Chloroplasts are the defining plant organelles with responsibility for photosynthesis and
other vital functions. To deliver these functions, they possess a complex proteome …

Most assimilated nutrients in the leaves of land plants are stored in chloroplasts as
photosynthetic proteins, where they mediate CO2 assimilation during growth. During …

Energy production by chloroplasts and mitochondria causes constant oxidative damage. A
functioning photosynthetic cell requires quality-control mechanisms to turn over and …

Chloroplasts originated from the endosymbiosis of ancestral cyanobacteria and maintain
transcription and translation machineries for around 100 proteins. Most endosymbiont …

Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants [1, 2]. The
chloroplast proteome comprises∼ 3,000 different proteins, including components of the …

Chloroplasts are the site of numerous biochemical reactions including photosynthesis, but
they also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that negatively affect chloroplast integrity …

Chloroplasts are the organelles that define plants, and they are responsible for
photosynthesis as well as numerous other functions. They are the ancestral members of a …