Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that the noradrenergic system provides both direct
and indirect excitatory drive onto midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. We used DA β …

Rationale Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) converts dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE),
thus playing a critical role in catecholamine metabolism. Objectives/Methods We examined …

Depletion of dopamine (DA) reduces D3 receptor number, but D3 receptor expression is
also regulated by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We took advantage of …

It was found recently that locomotor and rewarding effects of psychostimulants and opiates
were dramatically decreased or suppressed in mice lacking α1b-adrenergic receptors [α1b …

Dysfunctions of dopaminergic homeostasis leading to either low or high dopamine (DA)
levels are causally linked to Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. Major sites …

Cocaine is a psychostimulant and a drug widely abused by humans. Cocaine elicits its
effects primarily by blocking the activity of the dopamine (DA) transporter, leading to …

Dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) knockout mice (D4R−/−) provided for unique neurochemical
studies designed to understand D4R contributions to dopamine (DA) regulation. In this …

Introduction Disulfiram has been claimed to be useful in cocaine addiction therapy, its
efficacy being attributed to dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase (DBH) inhibition. Our previous …

Low levels of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH) protein in the plasma or cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) are associated with greater vulnerability to positive psychotic symptoms in several …

BACKGROUND: Disulfiram (DS; Antabuse) inhibits dopamine-β-hydroxylase leading to
increased brain dopamine levels and shows treatment efficacy for cocaine addiction. Yet few …