Androgens have diverse functions in muscle physiology, lean body mass, the regulation of
adipose tissue, bone density, neurocognitive regulation, and spermatogenesis, the male …

Hypogonadism is an endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate serum testosterone
production by the Leydig cells of the testis. It is triggered by alterations in the hypothalamic …

Oxidative stress (OS), an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
antioxidant scavengers, is considered an important underlying mechanism associated with …

Adequate levels of androgens (eugonadism), and specifically testosterone, are vital
compounds for male quality of life, longevity, and positive health outcomes. Testosterone …

The aging process is marked by a relatively subtle short-term decline in reproductive
hormone outflow in men. However, the nominal 0.8–1.3% annual fall in systemic …

Oxidative stress is involved both in metabolic syndrome and male infertility. Hypogonadism
is also associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. To investigate the role of …

Androgen production primarily occurs in Leydig cells located in the interstitial compartment
of the testis. In aging males, testosterone is crucial for maintaining muscle mass and …

Low normal testosterone status is associated with physiological conditions that may include
reductions in energy, motivation, initiative, self-confidence, concentration and memory, sleep …

Background Late‐onset hypogonadism (LOH) is a condition defined by low levels of
testosterone (T), occurring in advanced age. LOH is promoted by senescence, which, in turn …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical physiological mediators of cellular function,
including male fertility. When ROS exceed antioxidant regulation, oxidative stress occurs …