Background Understanding the shape of the relationship between long-term exposure to
ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentrations and health risks is critical for health …

Background Approximately 2.9 million deaths are attributed to ambient fine particle air
pollution around the world each year (PM 2.5). In general, cohort studies of mortality and …

Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-
term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2. 5)]. This is …

Background: Ambient fine particulate air pollution with aerodynamic diameter≤ 2.5 μ m (PM
2.5) is an important contributor to the global burden of disease. Information on the shape of …

Background Large cohort studies have been used to characterise the association between
long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) air pollution with non-accidental, and …

Epidemiologic evidence indicates that exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM
2.5) contributes to global burden of disease, primarily because of increased risk of …

Background: The temporal and spatial scales of exposure assessment may influence
observed associations between fine particulate air pollution (PM 2.5) and mortality, but few …

Background The concentration-response relationship between mortality and long-term
exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) has not been fully elucidated, especially at high …

Background: Several epidemiological studies have reported that long-term exposure to fine
particulate matter (PM2. 5) is associated with higher mortality. Evidence regarding …

Background: Outdoor fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm; PM2. 5) has been identified as a
global health threat, but the number of large US prospective cohort studies with individual …