Over the last decade, compelling evidence supports the idea that the different impact of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the differences in vascular biology in men and women …

The higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in men than in women of similar age, and
the menopause-associated increase in cardiovascular disease in women, has led to …

SUMMARY 1 It has long been hypothesized that oestrogen may be cardioprotective. This
hypothesis is supported by diverse and comprehensive mechanistic studies in animals and …

Objective Cardio-and cerebro-vascular diseases are two leading causes of death and long-
term disability in postmenopausal women. The acute fall of estrogen in menopause is …

The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is lower in premenopausal women but
increases with age and menopause compared with similarly aged men. Based on the …

Cardiovascular disease in women differs in clinical presentation, pathophysiology and
prognosis from that in men. The role of estrogens and androgens may help explain such sex …

Heart disease remains a major cause of death among women in the United States. 1 In
2008, 1 in 31 deaths in US women was attributable to breast cancer, whereas 1 in 6.6 …

The effects of estrogens on reproductive tissues and climacteric symptoms are
unambiguous. However, their effects on other tissues and, in particular, the cardiovascular …

Death from coronary artery disease (CAD) varies by a factor of five in different populations in
the world. 1 However, despite these wide differences the ratio of male to female affected …

Background: Higher androgen and lower estrogen levels are associated with cardiovascular
disease (CVD) risk factors in women. However, studies on sex hormones and incident CVD …