Personal success often requires the choice to expend greater effort for larger rewards, and
deficits in such effortful decision making accompany a number of illnesses including …

Amotivational states and insufficient recruitment of mental effort have been observed in a
variety of clinical populations, including depression, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic …

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) region of the
prefrontal cortex form an interconnected neural circuit that may mediate certain types of …

The rat anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) mediates effort-based decision making when the task
requires the physical effort of climbing a ramp. Normal rats will readily climb a barrier …

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the basolateral amygdala (BLA), and the dopamine in
the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are part of a neural system that is critically involved in making …

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to be involved in effortful choice, yet its role in
cost‐benefit evaluation of qualitatively different rewards (more/less preferred), beyond …

Personal success often necessitates expending greater effort for greater reward but, equally
important, also requires judicious use of our limited cognitive resources (eg, attention) …

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in encoding whether or not an
action is worth performing in view of the expected benefit and the cost of performing the …

Decision-making involves weighing costs against benefits, for instance, in terms of the effort
it takes to obtain a reward of a given magnitude. This evaluation process has been linked to …

An animal's ability to assess the value of their behaviors to minimize energy use while
maximizing goal achievement is critical to its survival. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) …