The metabolic sources of energy for myocardial contractility include mainly free fatty acids
(FFA) for 95%, and in lesser amounts for 5% from glucose and minimal contributions from …

Cardiac efficiency describes the relationship between cardiac work, an index of function,
and oxygen consumption, an index of energy substrate metabolism. As the heart obtains …

Myocardial substrate metabolism provides the energy needed for cardiac contraction and
relaxation. The normal adult heart uses predominantly fatty acids (FAs) as its primary fuel …

It is well established that cardiac metabolism is abnormal in heart failure (HF). Experimental
studies suggest that in severe HF, cardiac metabolism reverts to a more fetal-like substrate …

Abstract Purpose of Review In this narrative review, we discuss the current evidence related
to the role of dietary interventions to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and …

The growing worldwide epidemic of obesity and diabetes portends a significant increase in
cardiovascular disease. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, and there is growing …

The incidence of chronic heart failure (CHF), the common end-result of most cardiac
diseases, is increasing steadily in most countries. 1 In recent years, most of the research …

Fatty acids are the main substrates used by mitochondria to provide myocardial energy
under normal conditions. During heart remodeling, however, the fuel preference switches to …

Free fatty acids are the preferred substrate for the myocardium. However, under conditions
of ischemia, glucose becomes the primary myocardial energy source. Its metabolism avoids …

Under physiological conditions, the human heart derives energy from glucose, fatty acids,
and/or lactate depending upon substrate availability, circulating hormone levels, and …