Global climate has fluctuated greatly during the past three million years, leading to the
recent major ice ages. An inescapable consequence for most living organisms is great …

Publisher Summary The Quaternary period has seen increasing fluctuations in the climate
producing several major ice ages. These events caused great changes in species …

Opportunities to directly study the founding of a human population and its subsequent
evolutionary history are rare. Using genome sequence data from 27 ancient Icelanders, we …

Modern humans arrived in Europe~ 45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic
composition before the start of farming~ 8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide …

The genetic effects of pleistocene ice ages are approached by deduction from
paleoenvironmental information, by induction from the genetic structure of populations and …

DNA techniques, analytical methods and palaeoclimatic studies are greatly advancing our
knowledge of the global distribution of genetic diversity, and how it evolved. Such …

During the last glacial–interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic
changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood …

Although the vast majority of ice that formed on the Antarctic continent over the past 34
million years has been lost to the oceans, pockets of ancient ice persist in the Dry Valleys of …

Human evolutionary history is rich with the interbreeding of divergent populations. Most
humans outside of Africa trace about 2% of their genomes to admixture from Neanderthals …

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene,,,–.
Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced …