Dysregulated inflammatory responses and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction are
recognized as central factors in the development of psychiatric disorders. The present study …

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric illness with no single definitive aetiology, making its
treatment difficult. Antipsychotics are not fully effective because they treat psychosis rather …

The specialized brain endothelial cells interconnected by unique junctions and adhesion
molecules are distinctive features of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), maintaining the …

Background Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by hyperlocomotion, cognitive
symptoms, and social withdrawal. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and …

Recent studies have suggested that neurodegeneration is involved in the pathogenesis of
schizophrenia, and some atypical antipsychotics appear to prevent or retard progressive …

Atypical antipsychotics improve positive and negative symptoms but are not effective for
treating cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia. We previously reported that …

Ketamine is a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Many
experimental studies have shown that ketamine can induce cognitive impairments and …

Accumulating evidence suggests that reducing neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity
plays a critical role in the pathology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The N-methyl-D …

Ketamine exposure can model cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
Progesterone (PROG) and its active metabolite allopregnanolone (ALLO) have …

The disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is hypothesized to be involved in the
progression of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, but its mechanism …