The polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has been considered the main
target for alloimmunity, but the non-HLA antibodies and autoimmunity have gained …

Recognition of non‐self structures on donor cells represents the main immunological barrier
in solid organ transplantation. The human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are considered the most …

The development of post-transplantation antibodies against non-HLA autoantigens is
associated with rejection and decreased long-term graft survival. Although our knowledge of …

Background Many kidney allografts fail due to the occurrence of antibody-mediated rejection
(ABMR), related to donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (HLA-DSA). However, the histology of …

Despite significant improvement in the rates of acute allograft rejection, proportionate
improvements in kidney allograft longevity have not been realized, and are a source of …

Introduction Antibody mediated rejection (ABMR) is the most common cause of long-term
allograft loss in kidney transplantation (KT). Therefore, a low human leukocyte antigen (HLA) …

Aims: Chronic renal failure causes patients to become dialysis dependent, which is
exhausting for them both financially and psychologically. However, the definitive treatment of …

Donor/recipient molecular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch predicts primary B-cell
alloimmune activation, yet the impact on de novo donor-specific T-cell alloimmunity (dnDST) …

Despite the critical role of cytokines in allograft rejection, the relation of peripheral blood
cytokine profiles to clinical kidney transplant rejection has not been fully elucidated. We …

Kidney transplantation remains the treatment of choice for end‐stage renal failure. When the
immune system of the recipient recognizes the transplanted kidney as a foreign object, graft …