Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction,
and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and …

Through a widespread efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus–noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. Initial studies …

Experimental evidence has implicated multiple neurotransmitter systems in either the direct
or indirect modulation of cortical arousal and attention circuitry. In this review, we selectively …

A certain level of arousal is required for an individual to perform optimally, and the locus
coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a central role in optimizing arousal. Tonic …

The neurobiology of sleep and substance abuse interconnects, such that alterations in one
process have consequences for the other. Acute exposure to drugs of abuse disrupts sleep …

This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical literature related to a
hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in responses to acute and …

For decades, numerous seminal studies have built our understanding of the locus coeruleus
(LC), the vertebrate brain's principal noradrenergic system. Containing a numerically small …

The locus coeruleus (LC), the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, gives rise to fibres
innervating most structures of the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have helped …

Although hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation is generally considered to be the
hallmark of the stress response, many of the same stimuli that initiate this response also …

Arousal plays a central role in a wide variety of phenomena, including wakefulness,
autonomic function, affect and emotion. Despite its importance, it remains unclear as to how …