During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a
transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies …

In vitro chemical safety testing methods offer the potential for efficient and economical tools
to provide relevant assessments of human health risk. To realize this potential, methods are …

In the past 10 years, the public, private, and non-profit sectors have found agreement that
hazard identification and risk assessment should capitalize on the explosion of knowledge …

Globally, industries and regulatory authorities are faced with an urgent need to assess the
potential adverse effects of chemicals more efficiently by embracing new approach …

Based on existing data and previous work, a series of studies is proposed as a basis toward
a pragmatic early step in transforming toxicity testing. These studies were assembled into a …

Introduction: It is accepted that animal testing should be reduced, refined or replaced as far
as it is practicably possible. There are also a wide variety of in vitro models, which are used …

The long-term investment in new approach methodologies (NAMs) within the EU and other
parts of the world is beginning to result in an emerging consensus of how to use information …

Alternative methods to animal use in toxicology are evolving with new advanced tools and
multilevel approaches, to answer from one side to 3Rs requirements, and on the other side …

Public concern for animal welfare has been expressed through legislative control of animal
use for experimental purposes since the first legislation was introduced in 1876 in the United …

New approaches in toxicology based on in vitro methods and computational modelling offer
considerable potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of chemical hazard and …