Pathogenesis is strongly dependent on microbial context, but development of probiotic
therapies has neglected the impact of ecological interactions. Dynamics among microbial …

Microbial communities can augment host immune responses and probiotic therapies are
under development to prevent or treat diseases of humans, crops, livestock, and wildlife …

All multicellular organisms are host to microbial symbionts that constitute the microbiome
and can have significant impacts on the host, including altering development, behavior, and …

Host-associated microbiomes perform many beneficial functions including resisting
pathogens and training the immune system. Here, we show that amphibians developing in …

The contribution of emerging amphibian diseases to the sixth mass extinction is driving
innovative wildlife management strategies, including the use of probiotics. Bioaugmentation …

Emerging infectious diseases caused by fungal taxa are increasing and are placing a
substantial burden on economies and ecosystems worldwide. Of the emerging fungal …

The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune
function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses …

It is well known in ecology, evolution and medicine that both the nature (commensal,
parasitic and mutualistic) and outcome (symbiont fitness, survival) of symbiotic interactions …

Chytridiomycosis, caused by the skin fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has
caused population declines of many amphibians in remote protected habitats. Progress has …

Here we review the knowledge about skin microbiomes in amphibians accumulated over the
last two decades and the evidence regarding the protective role of skin bacteria. Amphibians …