Little is known of the underlying biology of estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone
receptor-negative (ER (−)/PR (−)) breast cancer (BC), and few targeted therapies are …

Recent studies have identified novel subgroups in ER-negative breast cancer based on the
expression pattern of androgen receptor (AR). One subtype (molecular apocrine) has an …

Background Patient prognosis and response to endocrine therapy in breast cancer correlate
with protein expression of both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), with …

Background Estrogen is a pivotal regulator of cell proliferation in the normal breast and
breast cancer. Endocrine therapies targeting the estrogen receptor are effective in breast …

The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and clinical
behavior of breast cancer. To obtain further insights into the molecular basis of estrogen …

Background Breast cancers lacking the estrogen receptor (ER) can be distinguished from
other breast cancers on the basis of poor prognosis, high grade, distinctive histopathology …

Estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER, PR) signaling control breast development and
impinge on breast carcinogenesis. ER is an established driver of ER+ disease but the role of …

Introduction Although a high frequency of androgen receptor (AR) expression in human
breast cancers has been described, exploiting this knowledge for therapy has been …

Advancements in molecular profiling and endocrine therapy (ET) have led to more focused
clinical attention on precision medicine. These advances have expanded our understanding …

Hormone responsiveness is a critical determinantof breast cancer progression and
management, and theresponse to endocrine therapy is highly correlated withthe estrogen …