In recent years, ACE Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (also known
as AT1 receptor antagonists (AT1-RAs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or Sartans) …

Hypertension is characterized by an imbalance between the renin–angiotensin system
(RAS) and the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors …

The investigation of therapeutic actions of angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists and
ACE inhibitors (ACEI) demonstrated complex interactions between the renin-angiotensin …

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) generates, maintains, and makes worse hypertension
and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through its biologically active component angiotensin II …

The circulating renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in cardiovascular
homeostasis. More importantly, the local tissue renin angiotensin plays a pivotal role in cell …

A fair amount of data indicates that bradykinin and lysyl-bradykinin exert arterial, cardiac and
renal effects which afford protection against organ damage in diseases, especially in the …

Growing evidence points to the existence of the components of the kallikrein-kinin-system
(KKS) in cardiac and vascular tissue forming systemic and local KKS pathways involving …

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine hormonal systems help regulate
cardio‐vascular and renal function. Any change in the balance among these systems may …

The kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) is proposed to act as a counter regulatory system against
the vasopressor hormonal systems such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) are important in
the aetiology of hypertension and the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal damage associated …