One hundred years ago, Otto Heinrich Warburg observed that postmitotic retinal cells are the
highest oxygen-consuming cells in the body. He compared these cells to actively growing …

Abstract Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a glycolytic enzyme that is expressed in cancer cells.
Its role in tumor metabolism is not definitively established, but investigators have suggested …

Purpose: Like cancer cells, photoreceptor cells produce lactate aerobically, requiring lactate
dehydrogenase A (LDH-A). Cancer cells also use glycolytic intermediates for biosynthesis …

The tumor form of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and
gives rise to the Warburg effect. The Warburg effect defines a pro-oncogenic metabolism …

The tumor form of pyruvate kinase M2 has been suggested to promote cellular anabolism by
redirecting the metabolism to cause accumulation of glycolytic intermediates and increasing …

The mammalian retina converts most glucose to lactate rather than catabolizing it completely
to carbon dioxide via oxidative phosphorylation, despite the availability of oxygen. This …

Purpose The homeostatic regulation of cellular ATP is achieved by the coordinated activity
of ATP utilization, synthesis, and buffering. Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis …

Glucose metabolism is a mechanism by which energy is produced in form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) by mitochondria and precursor metabolites are supplied to enable the …

Glucose metabolism in vertebrate retinas is dominated by aerobic glycolysis (the “Warburg
Effect”), which allows only a small fraction of glucose-derived pyruvate to enter mitochondria …

Photoreceptor death is the root cause of vision loss in many retinal disorders, and there is an
unmet need for neuroprotective modalities to improve photoreceptor survival. The …