Dystonia may produce co‐contractions and constant strain in numerous muscle fibers,
including those of the muscle spindles. As proprioceptors, muscle spindles detect dynamic …

New neurophysiological insights into the natural behaviour of dystonia, obtained during the
successful botulinum toxin A (BoNT) treatment of the disorder, have urged the inclusion of …

Patients with upper limb dystonia have abnormal reciprocal inhibition between flexor and
extensor forearm muscles. To see whether botulinum toxin treatment alters segmental motor …

In dystonic and spastic movement disorders, however different in their pathophysiological
mechanisms, a similar impairment of sensorimotor control with special emphasis on …

Objective: To highlight some clinical and physiological features related to treatment with
botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections for focal dystonia that may suggest an effect …

To investigate the possible role of botulinum toxin (BT‐A) injection in reducing muscle
afferent feedback, we evaluated electrophysiologically 10 right‐handed patients with writer's …

No convincing evidence exists that botulinum toxin type A (BT‐A) injected intramuscularly at
therapeutic doses in humans acts directly on central nervous system (CNS) structures …

The effects of botulinum toxin‐A was compared on both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle
fibers in the biceps femoris of Wistar rats. Four days after injection, no action potentials were …

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is a metalloprotease that produces a sustained yet
transitory blockade of transmitter release from peripheral nerve terminals. Local delivery of …

The neuromuscular junction is one of the most accessible mammalian synapses which
offers a useful model to study long-term synaptic modifications occurring throughout life. It is …