In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for
visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains …

Abstract 3D city models are omnipresent in urban management and simulations. However,
instruments for their evaluation have been limited. Furthermore, current instances are …

3D city models have become common geospatial data assets for cities that can be utilized in
numerous fields, in tasks related to planning, visualization, and decision-making among …

An increasing number of municipalities decide nowadays to build up 3D city models. Often
the main purpose of such a model is to support urban planning processes. However, in most …

Over the last decade, more and more cities and even countries worldwide are creating
semantic 3D city models of their physical environment based on the international CityGML …

Virtual 3D city models provide important information for different aspects of disaster
management. In this context, up-to-dateness of and flexible access to 3D city models are of …

In this paper, we discuss the emergence of a new paradigm in 3D city modeling, which we
will call the rich point cloud paradigm and which is largely based on dense and semantically …

The concept of level of detail (LOD) describes the content of 3D city models and it plays an
essential role during their life cycle. On one hand it comes akin to the concepts of scale in …

A 3D model communicates more effectively than a 2D model, hence the applications of 3D
city models are rapidly gaining significance in urban studies. However, presently, there is a …

Several tasks in urban and architectural design are today undertaken in a geospatial
context. Building Information Models (BIM) and geospatial technologies offer 3D data …