Adjuvants are essential components of modern vaccines. One general mechanism
underlying their immunostimulatory functions is the activation of pattern recognition …

Modern subunit vaccines are composed of antigens and a delivery system and/or adjuvant
(immune stimulator) that triggers the desired immune responses. Adjuvants mimic pathogen …

Vaccines remain one of the most important pillars in preventative medicine, providing
protection against a wide array of diseases by inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity. Of …

Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and
improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also …

Carbohydrates are ubiquitous molecules expressed on the surface of nearly all living cells,
and their interaction with carbohydrate-binding proteins is critical to many immunobiological …

Introduction: The addition of a suitable adjuvant to a vaccine can generate significant
effective adaptive immune responses. There is an urgent need for the development of novel …

Carbohydrates can be found on the cell surface of nearly every cell ranging from bacteria to
fungi right up to mammalian cells. Carbohydrates and their interactions with carbohydrate …

Modern vaccines such as recombinant proteins or nucleic acids are usually of pure origin,
enhancing their tolerability and overall safety. However, this purity often renders them less …

Vaccines are powerful tools that can activate the immune system for protection against
various diseases. As carbohydrates can play important roles in immune recognition, they …

Carbohydrate antigens have shown promise as important targets for developing effective
vaccines and pathogen detection strategies. Modifying purified microbial glycans through …