Ectomycorrhizas (EMs) are mutualistic associations between certain soil fungi and higher
plants. EMs can modulate the cellular, physiological and molecular processes of host plants …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are able to tolerate a wide range of metal concentrations in
soils. A number of passive and active molecular processes are employed by these fungi to …

Heavy metals, such as cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc, are essential in
trace amounts for growth by plants and other living organisms. However, in excessive …

This review focuses on recent evidence that identifies potential extracellular and cellular
mechanisms that may be involved in the tolerance of ectomycorrhizal fungi to excess metals …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have repeatedly been demonstrated to alleviate heavy
metal stress of plants. The current manuscript summarizes results obtained to date on the …

Ericoid mycorrhizal plants dominate in harsh environments where nutrient-poor, acidic soil
conditions result in a higher availability of potentially toxic metals. Although metal-tolerant …

Mycorrhizal fungi represent an interface between plants and soil, as they mediate the uptake
and transfer of ele—ments from the soil particles to the roots of mycor 'rhi—zal plants. For …

The effects of potentially toxic metals on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and their higher plant
hosts are examined in this review. Investigations at a species and community level have …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are soil fungi developing symbiotic association with most
terrestrial plants. In such a symbiosis, the fungi provide the host plant with water and …

Metal toxicity (Al and heavy metals) is a major constraint affecting root growth in a number of
natural or managed ecosystems. Fine roots of the majority of plant species are associated …