Abstract Clade 2.3. 4.4 avian H5Ny viruses, namely H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have exhibited
unprecedented intercontinental spread in poultry. Among them, only H5N6 viruses are …

Abstract Since 2014, clade 2.3. 4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian
lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern …

As the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) evolves naturally, mutations in the
hemagglutinin (HA) protein still occur, which involves some sites with glycosylations. It is …

Despite active control strategies, including the vaccination program in poultry, H9N2 avian
influenza viruses possessing mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) were frequently isolated. In …

The location and number of glycosylation in HA proteins exhibit large variations among H5
subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs). To investigate the effect of glycosylation in the …

Some avian influenza (AI) viruses have a deletion of up to 20 to 30 amino acids in their
neuraminidase (NA) stalk. This has been associated with changes in virus replication and …

The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) represents a significant risk to both the poultry industry
and public health. Our surveillance efforts in China have revealed a growing trend of recent …

We previously demonstrated that despite no airborne transmissibility increase compared to
low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, select human isolates of highly pathogenic avian …

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), one of the predominant subtypes devastating the poultry
industry, has been circulating widely in the poultry population and causing huge economic …

At least 15 cases of human beings infected with H5N6 have been reported since 2014, of
which at least nine were fatal. The highly pathogenic avian H5N6 influenza virus may pose a …