The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2° C compared to pre-
industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Oceans 2020 presents a comprehensive assessment of the most important science and
societal issues that are likely to arise in marine science and ocean management in the next …

Scientists, industry, and policy-makers have turned increasing attention toward the ocean as
a source of climate change mitigation solutions. Efforts to develop ocean-based climate …

The health of the ocean, central to human well-being, has now reached a critical point. Most
fish stocks are overexploited, climate change and increased dissolved carbon dioxide are …

The occurrence of a growing number of environmental changes attributable to human
pressures at the planetary scale has led to the identification of these changes as part of a …

Marine ecosystems are centrally important to the biology of the planet, yet a comprehensive
understanding of how anthropogenic climate change is affecting them has been poorly …

In order to inform decision making and policy, research to address sustainability challenges
requires cross-disciplinary approaches that are co-created with a wide and inclusive …

The ocean crisis is urgent and central to human wellbeing and life on Earth; past and current
activities are damaging the planet's main life support system for future generations. We are …

Documented impacts of climate change on marine systems indicate widespread changes in
many geographic regions and throughout all levels of the ocean's food webs. Oceans …