Critical-sized bone defects, or CSDs, are defined as bone defects that cannot be
regenerated by themselves and require surgical intervention via employing specific …

The regeneration of bone in segmental defects has historically been a challenge in the
orthopedic field. In particular, a lack of vascular supply often leads to nonunion and …

A variety of engineered materials have gained acceptance in orthopedic practice as
substitutes for autologous bone grafts, although the regenerative efficacy of these …

Bone generally displays a high intrinsic capacity to regenerate. Nonetheless, large osseous
defects sometimes fail to heal. The treatment of such large segmental defects still represents …

Repair of non-healing bone defects through tissue engineering strategies remains a
challenging feat in the clinic due to the aversive microenvironment surrounding the injured …

Vascularization remains one of the most important challenges that must be overcome for
tissue engineering to be consistently implemented for reconstruction of large volume bone …

Bone tissue usually heals spontaneously, but in complicated conditions such as
pathological fractures or those situations leading to large bone defects, the healing process …

Despite the high innate regenerative capacity of bone, large osseous defects fail to heal and
remain a clinical challenge. Healing such defects requires the formation of large amounts of …

Tissue engineering has been touted as the solution to regenerate tissue in patients. Yet
current strategies for orthopedic application are limited because of the inability to …

Despite the recent advances in reconstructive orthopedics; fracture union is a challenge to
bone regeneration. Concurrent angiogenesis is a complex process governed by events …