Background: Most clinical pain disorders are more common in women than in men,
particularly during the peak reproductive years. This suggests that fluctuations in the ovarian …

Reproductive hormones are implicated in moderating pain. Animal studies support both
pronociceptive and antinociceptive actions of oestradiol and progesterone suggesting that …

Most chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) conditions are more common in women and have
been reported to worsen, particularly during the peak reproductive years. This phenomenon …

Considerable experimental research suggests that ovarian hormones can influence pain
perception, and recent epidemiologic and clinical research suggests that exogenous …

Sex differences in pain are of great interest to the public, and of recently increasing interest
among researchers. The first author has studied the topic since 1992 in the laboratory of the …

Sex hormones may contribute to inter-and intra-individual differences in pain by influencing
emotional modulation of pain and nociception. To study this, a well-validated picture-viewing …

It has become increasingly apparent that women suffer a disproportionate amount of pain
during their lifetime compared to men. Over the past 15 years, a growing number of studies …

Objective. This review highlights research on sex-based differences in pain perception and
treatment. We sought to illuminate the complex factors contributing to differences in pain and …

Sex differences in pain have been noted; women typically report more pain than men.
Gonadal hormones may influence pain reports, and, moreover, such hormones may help to …

Some chronic pain conditions are more prevalent in women. However, the evidence from
both human and animal studies as to whether estrogen is pro-or anti-nociceptive is …