The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis is of relevance in many processes related to the
development, maturation and ageing of the male. Through this axis, a cascade of …

Male hypogonadism, the clinical syndrome with variable symptoms associated with gonadal
dysfunction, can affect men of all ages. In older males, physiologic changes of the aging …

Androgen deficiency is diagnosed by ascertainment of characteristic signs and symptoms
and consistently low testosterone levels, measured preferably in the morning using a …

Some aging men develop a condition of suppressed serum testosterone levels, which is
associated with diffuse sexual, physical and psychological symptoms. Several terms are …

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), consequent to congenital or acquired disorders of
the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, presents as absent/delayed/arrested sexual maturation and …

Introduction: Since the phenotype and clinical need of the hypogonadal individuals changes
dramatically over time, versatile therapies are needed. Areas covered: The authors review …

Normal testicular physiology results from the integrated function of the tubular and interstitial
compartments. Serum markers of interstitial tissue function are testosterone and insulin‐like …

Male hypogonadism is one of the most common endocrinologic syndromes. The diagnosis
is based on clinical signs and symptoms plus laboratory confirmation via the measurement …

Purpose To provide the evidence-based recommendations on the role of testosterone (T) on
age-related symptoms and signs remains. Methods The Italian Society of Andrology and …

Factors that mitigate the onset of puberty have yet to be fully elucidated. Gonadarche refers
to the onset of gonadal sex steroid production during puberty. Gonadarche results from …