Trauma-related disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions that affect people who have
directly or indirectly witnessed adversities. Experiencing multiple types of traumas appears …

Neurobiological systems may be particularly susceptible to the deleterious impact of
childhood trauma, and the impact of childhood trauma on development and subsequent …

Childhood trauma exposure is a significant public health problem. While adult mental health
consequences of such experiences are well documented, sex differences in both …

It is misleading to think of the effects of severe physical or sexual abuse (or both) in
childhood exclusively in terms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Almost two thirds of …

The developing brain is a remarkably plastic and dynamic organ. Although the basic
possibilities of what it has the potential to become appear to be set by genetic codes, the …

This mini-review refers to recent findings on psychobiological long-term consequences of
childhood trauma and adverse living conditions. The continuum of trauma-provoked …

All experiences change the brain, but not all experiences affect the brain equally. Because
the brain is developing and organizing at such an explosive rate in the first years of life …

Empirical findings regarding childhood traumatic stress are placed within a developmental
life-trajectory model that incorporates a tripartite etiology of posttrauma distress. This …

Traumatic stress exposure during critical periods of development may have essential and
long-lasting effects on the physical and mental health of individuals. Two thirds of youth are …

Traumatic experiences early in life predispose animals and humans to later cognitive-
behavioral, emotional, and somatic problems. In humans, traumatic experiences are strong …