Naturally occurring modification of the canonical A, G, C, and T bases can be found in the
DNA of cellular organisms and viruses from all domains of life. Bacterial viruses …

The DNA in bacterial viruses collectively contains a rich, yet relatively underexplored,
chemical diversity of nucleobases beyond the canonical adenine, guanine, cytosine, and …

Genetic information is encoded by the four bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C),
and thymine (T). Base pairing through hydrogen bonding between the cognate pairs AT and …

The first modified base in a bacteriophage DNA, 5-hydroxymethylcytoн sine (hmCyt), was
discovered 27 years ago (154). It played a crucial role in the development of the …

Certain viruses of bacteria (bacteriophages) enzymatically hypermodify their DNA to protect
their genetic material from host restriction endonuclease-mediated cleavage. Historically, it …

Genome modifications are central components of the continuous arms race between viruses
and their hosts. The archaeosine base (G+), which was thought to be found only in archaeal …

Chemically modified bases exist naturally in genomic DNA. Research into these bases has
been invigorated by the discovery of several modified bases in the mammalian genome, in …

Discovery of the TET/JBP family of dioxygenases that modify bases in DNA has sparked
considerable interest in novel DNA base modifications and their biological roles. Using …

The four canonical bases that make up genomic DNA are subject to a variety of chemical
modifications in living systems. Recent years have witnessed the discovery of various new …

Chemically altered nucleosides derived from canonical ribo-or deoxyribonucleoside-
derivatives of adenosine, cytosine, guanosine, and uridine or thymidine are found in all …