Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for
their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have …

Protective immunity to chronic and acute viral infection relies on both the innate and
adaptive immune response. Although neutralizing antibody production by B cells and …

CD4+ T cells–often referred to as T-helper cells–play a central role in immune defense and
pathogenesis. Virus infections and vaccines stimulate and expand populations of antigen …

Viral infections cause an immunological disequilibrium that provokes CD8 T cell responses.
These cells play critical roles in purging acute infections, limiting persistent infections, and …

Viral infections often induce potent CD8 T cell responses that play a key role in antiviral
immunity. After viral clearance, the vast majority of the expanded CD8 T cells undergo …

Effective T-cell responses are critical to eradicate acute viral infections and prevent viral
persistence. Emerging evidence indicates that robust, early CD4 T-cell responses are …

Memory CD8 T cells are an important component of protective immunity against viral
infections, and understanding their development will aid in the design of optimal vaccines …

CD4 T cells that acquire cytotoxic phenotype and function have been repeatedly identified in
humans, mice, and other species in response to many diverse pathogens. Since CD4 …

Numerous microbes establish persistent infections, accompanied by antigen-specific CD8 T
cell activation. Pathogen-specific T cells in chronically infected hosts are often …

We examined the regulation of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses during chronic
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice. Our study shows that within the …