Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and …

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mediates cellular
responses to different growth signals and is frequently deregulated in cancer. There are …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling pathways involved in
the regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway, often known as the RAS-RAF-MEK-
ERK signal cascade, functions to transmit upstream signals to its downstream effectors to …

Since the discovery that activating mutations of the Ras GTPase were associated with 30%
or more of human cancers, the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway has been the focus of intense drug …

The three RAS genes comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene family in cancer. With
significant and compelling evidence that continued function of mutant RAS is required for …

Introduction: The MAPK pathway comprises several key signaling components and
phosphorylation events that play a role in tumorigenesis. These activated kinases transmit …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Mutations occur in some cancer cells and result in elevated expression or constitutive
activation of various growth factor receptors. The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is often activated by …

Aberrant signaling caused by mutations in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway and its
upstream activators critically contributes to human tumor development. Strategies, which aim …