The opioids have been used for more than a thousand years and are not only the most
widely prescribed drugs for moderate to severe pain and acute pain, but also the preferred …

Opioid receptors (ORs) represent one of the most significant groups of G‐protein coupled
receptor (GPCR) drug targets and also act as prototypical models for GPCR function. In a …

A few neurotransmitter systems have fascinated the research community, as much as the
opioid system (ie, opioid ligands and their receptors). Over the years, scientific studies of the …

Hetero-oligomeric complexes of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) may represent novel
therapeutic targets exhibiting different pharmacology and tissue-or cell-specific site of action …

With the hope of discovering effective analgesics with fewer side effects, attention has
recently shifted to allosteric modulators of the opioid receptors. In the past two years, the first …

Morphine is widely used in pain management although the risk of side effects is significant.
The use of biased agonists to the G protein of μ-opioid receptors has been suggested as a …

The opioid crisis represents a major worldwide public health crisis that has accelerated the
search for safer and more effective opioids. Over the past few years, the identification of …

Pain is both a major clinical and economic problem, affecting more people than diabetes,
heart disease, and cancer combined. While a variety of prescribed or over-the-counter …

Chronic pain affects more than 30% of people worldwide and although mortality rates are
highest for other pathologies, it is one of the main sources of human suffering and disability …

Opioids such as morphine and oxycodone are analgesics frequently prescribed for the
treatment of moderate or severe pain. Unfortunately, these medications are associated with …