The objective of this article is to review data from studies that used a reinstatement model in
rats to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking …

The central problem in the treatment of cocaine and heroin addiction is high rates of relapse
to drug use after periods of forced or self-imposed abstinence. Relapse can be modeled in …

Rational and objectives. The reinstatement model is currently used in many laboratories to
investigate mechanisms underlying relapse to drug seeking. Here, we review briefly the …

Reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking has been utilized in the study of the neural
substrates of relapse to drugs of abuse, particularly cocaine. However, limited studies have …

Relapse is a major characteristic of drug addiction, and remains the primary problem in
treating drug abuse. Without an understanding of the factors that determine renewed drug …

Over the past several decades, there have been tremendous advances in our understanding
of the neurobiology of drug addiction. Much of this work has focused on the neurobiological …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In
abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self …

Relapse, the resumption of drug taking after periods of abstinence, remains the major
problem for the treatment of addiction. Even when drugs are unavailable for long periods or …

Drug use and relapse involve learned associations between drug-associated environmental
cues and drug effects. Extinction procedures in the clinic can suppress conditioned …

Successful treatment of drug addiction must involve relapse prevention informed by our
understanding of the neurobiological bases of drug relapse. In humans, exposure to drug …