Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with alterations in the hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Previous findings are inconsistent, possibly due to trauma …

Background There is inconsistency in the literature regarding the nature of hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functionality in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Purpose …

BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulation has
inconsistently been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, trauma …

Studies of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in persons with posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) have produced variable findings. This review focuses on the factors likely to …

Background: Cortisol secretions serve as the barometer of the hypothalamic–pituitary–
adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates and controls responses to stress. Studies of cortisol …

Exposure to traumatic stress is associated with increased risk for posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and alterations of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) function …

Background Decreased activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in
response to stress is suspected to be a vulnerability factor for posttraumatic stress disorder …

Neuroendocrine studies examining the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under
baseline conditions and in response to neuroendocrine challenges have supported the …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is typically accompanied by acute and chronic
alterations in the stress response. These alterations have mostly been described in …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with dysregulation of the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid …