Opioid analgesics have been the foundation of human pain management for centuries, and
their value in animals has increased since Yoxall 1 proposed that it was the veterinarian's …

Opioids have been administered clinically to horses for at least seventy years. Results of
tests of morphine and derivatives of morphine in horses that were reported in 1937 were …

Alleviation of pain in animals is now recognized as an important component to medical case
management and has become integral with surgical procedures. Three primary …

Currently, approaches to pain control in horses are a mixture of art and science. Recognition
of overt pain behaviours, such as rolling, kicking at the abdomen, flank watching, lameness …

AIM: To explore attitudes towards and use of analgesia in horses by veterinarians in New
Zealand. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was sent out to 457 veterinarians identified as …

Objective—To evaluate and compare effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil,
butorphanol, tramadol, and U50488H on avoidance threshold to noxious electrical …

Objective: This review discusses the different analgesic drugs and routes of administration
used in large animals for acute pain management. General guidelines and doses are given …

Many drugs and administration techniques are now available to the veterinarian for the
management of equine pain. Balancing the use of drugs that act at different locations or by …

Reasons for performing study: Intra‐articular administration of morphine as a local analgesic
and anti‐inflammatory drug is widely used in human medicine. In equids, little is known …

This preliminary study investigated the attitudes, and evaluated the current practice of a
sample of the veterinary profession in the UK in relation to the management of pain in …