Background Comorbidity of anxiety disorders, stressor-and trauma-related disorders, and
substance use disorders is extremely common. Moreover, therapies that reduce pathological …

Extinction of behavior enables adaptation to a changing world and is crucial for recovery
from disorders such as phobias and drug addiction. However, the brain mechanisms …

Clinical interventions which produce cue and contextual extinction learning can reduce
craving and relapse in substance abuse and inhibit conditioned fear responses in anxiety …

Extinction is a form of inhibitory learning that suppresses a previously conditioned response.
Both fear and drug seeking are conditioned responses that can lead to maladaptive …

Drug seeking behavior can be reduced or inhibited via extinction. The brain mechanisms for
extinction of drug seeking are poorly understood but are of significant interest because of …

Extinction promotes abstinence from drug seeking. Extinction expression is an active
process, dependent on infralimbic prefrontal cortex (ilPFC). However, the neurocircuitry …

Emotional learning is necessary for individuals to survive and prosper. Once acquired,
however, emotional associations are not always expressed. Indeed, the regulation of …

Theories of drug addiction that incorporate various concepts from the fields of learning and
memory have led to the idea that classical and operant conditioning principles underlie the …

Compulsive drug-seeking behavior and its renewal in former drug addicts is promoted by
several situations, among which reactivation of drug withdrawal memories plays a crucial …

Development of pharmacotherapy to reduce relapse rates is one of the biggest challenges
in drug addiction research. The enduring nature of relapse suggests that it is maintained by …