Objectives Opioids have been used for medicinal and analgesic purposes for centuries.
However, their negative effects on the endocrine system, which have been known for some …

Objective Millions of patients continue to require opioid analgesics for control of moderate to
severe chronic pain, which is a disease that affects more Americans than cancer, heart …

Opioids are an established option in the analgesic armamentarium for managing moderate-
to-severe chronic pain. Long-term opioid use, however, is associated with several potential …

Background The use of strong opioids for treatment of noncancer chronic pain has
increased. However, strong evidence for sustained pain relief and improved function is …

Opioid abuse has increased in the last decade, primarily as a result of increased access to
prescription opioids. Physicians are also increasingly administering opioid analgesics for …

Context The increased use of opioids has resulted in an unprecedented opioid epidemic.
Chronic opioid use causes hypogonadism, but its frequency, as well as the effects of opioids …

Gonadal hormones are known to be affected by morphine and other opioids. In this paper,
we summarize data collected in recent years which clearly indicate that the opioid-induced …

The use of opioids has grown substantially over the past two decades reaching the
dimensions of a global epidemic. These drugs have effects on multiple levels of the …

Debilitating chronic nonmalignant pain is often managed using opioid medications.
However, with increased use of this drug class comes concern about adverse effects on …

The effect of chronic oral opioids on hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in women, and on
bone mineral density (BMD) in men and women is not known. The objective of this cross …