In recent years, evidence for interindividual variation in “personality” within animal
populations has been accumulating. Personality is defined as consistency in an individual's …

Natural selection often promotes a mix of behavioural phenotypes in a population. Adaptive
variation in the propensity to take risks might explain individual differences in shyness and …

In recent years, considerable research interest in behavioral ecology has focused on
characterizing and understanding individual differences in behavior that are consistent over …

Consistent differences in human behaviour are often explained with reference to personality
traits. Recent evidence suggests that similar traits are widespread across the entire animal …

Boldness is the propensity of an animal to engage in risky behavior. Many variations of
novel-object or novel-environment tests have been used to quantify the boldness of animals …

To date, most studies investigating the relationship between personality traits and fitness
have focused on a single measure of fitness (such as survival) at a specific life stage …

A common method to assess behavioral types in personality research involves the use of a
single emergence test (employed by researchers working on fish, avian, mammal …

The shy–bold continuum is recognized as a fundamental axis of behavioral variation in
humans, but 3 major issues have not been addressed. First, the taxonomic distribution of …

Boldness is a personality trait that defines how individuals respond to risky situations and
has clear fitness consequences. Since the adaptive value of boldness is context dependent …

Animal personalities, composed of axes of consistent individual behaviors, are widely
reported and can have important fitness consequences. However, despite theoretical …