Macrophages are commonly classified as M1 macrophages or M2 macrophages. The M2
macrophages are further sub-categorized into M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d subtypes. The M2a …

Macrophages are essential for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, and their
activation has been proposed to be critical to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel …

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic effects for
colitis through immunomodulation and anti-inflammation. However, whether MSC-derived …

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by an immune response triggered by infection,
and highly elevated cytokine/chemokine levels in the blood play crucial roles in the …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is an
inflammatory condition that results in gastrointestinal tract damage. Various factors …

Exosomes are 30–150 nm small membrane vesicles that are released into the extracellular
medium via cells that function as a mode of intercellular communication. Dendritic cell (DC) …

Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown repairing effects on
several tissue injury diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of exosomes …

Conventional treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have multiple potential side
effects. Therefore, alternative treatments are desperately needed. This work demonstrated …

Background Exosomes as the main therapeutic vectors of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment and its mechanism remain unexplored …

Background and Aims: M2 phenotype macrophages are involved in the resolution of
inflammation and intestinal repair. Exosomes are emerging as important mediators of …